经耻骨后无张力尿道中段吊带术与经闭孔无张力尿道中段吊带术治疗压力性尿失禁的比较
Review Article

经耻骨后无张力尿道中段吊带术与经闭孔无张力尿道中段吊带术治疗压力性尿失禁的比较

Apurva B. Pancholy

Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, University of Texas, McGovern Medical School, Houston, TX, USA

Correspondence to: Apurva B. Pancholy, MD. Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, University of Texas, McGovern Medical School, Houston, TX, USA. Email: Apurva.B.Pancholy@uth.tmc.edu.

摘要:尿失禁是一种女性常见的多发病,严重影响女性日常活动与社交。导致压力性尿失禁(stress urinary incontinence,SUI)原因是尿道支撑结构的薄弱或缺损,并不是尿道本身出现问题。治疗SUI的方法有很多,包括行为方式的改变、物理治疗、药物治疗和手术治疗。对于保守治疗效果不满意或更加愿意手术治疗的SUI患者可选择手术治疗。治疗SUI手术方式有很多,随着技术的发展和对膀胱、尿道解剖学的进一步了解,控尿机制的重点从膀胱颈转移到尿道中段,手术方式也更加微创。这使得尿道中段悬吊术(mid urethral sling,MUS)成为治疗SUI的主要手术方式。尿道中段悬吊术的手术预后和术后并发症与患者手术方式的选择及对尿道中段解剖知识了解密切相关。经耻骨后无张力尿道中段吊带术(transvaginal tap,TVT)和经闭孔带(trans-obturator tape,TOT)均为SUI的主要手术方式,二者手术效果并无明显差异。

关键字: Stress urinary incontinence (SUI); sling; mesh; incontinence surgery; outcomes


Received: 02 July 2020; Accepted: 24 July 2020; Published: 25 December 2020.

doi: 10.21037/gpm-2020-pfd-09


引 言

尿失禁是指尿液不自主流出。尿失禁发病率高,有超过三分之一的女性会长期受到此疾病的困扰[1]。国际控尿协会(ICS)将压力性尿失禁(SUI)定义为“打喷嚏、咳嗽或者用力时导致腹压增加时尿液不自主流出”[2]。SUI的确切病理生理学尚不清楚,目前公认的原因是尿道支撑结构的缺陷或破坏,尿道过度活跃等均可引起SUI。SUI治疗方法很多,包括非手术治疗和手术治疗。以前手术关注点多在膀胱颈和尿道,虽然手术方式不断地优化,但SUI手术的目标始终是在避免排尿困难的同时治疗尿失禁。在目前所有的术式中,MUS已成为上个世纪治疗SUI主流手术方式,MUS损伤小,手术效果好,是SUI研究最多的手术方式。本文中我们将讨论MUS的两种经典手术方式:TVT和TOT。

TVT是经耻骨后无张力尿道中段吊带术。在TVT问世之前,大多数的抗尿失禁手术着重于膀胱颈或近端尿道的支撑。上世纪九十年代,Petros和Ulmsten通过观察研究放置在尿道不同位置、不同材质吊带的手术效果[3]提出了“整体理论”。该理论将耻骨尿道韧带、耻尾肌、阴道前壁及连接各个部分的结缔组织,称为支持尿道的“吊床”,若此支撑薄弱或损伤则会导致SUI。穿刺针经耻骨后路径向下腹部耻骨上缘穿刺,将合成网带两端无张力放置在该通路[4]。第一个无张力吊带手术或TVT(Gynecare,Somerville,NJ)手术耗材是由两个专门设计的套管针和一条聚丙烯网片组成的套件,术中通过阴道切口将套管针穿过尿道两侧至前腹壁的,这种手术方法被称为“自下而上”的方法。有些公司通过改进手术套件,使穿刺路径通过耻骨后间隙由前腹壁至阴道切口,这种被称为“自上而下”。在所有这些方法中,吊带通过穿刺针指引放置在尿道中部提拉到腹壁。TVT手术需要穿刺针通过耻骨后间隙,穿刺轨迹靠近膀胱、血管和肠道。所以几位少见和严重的膀胱、血管、倡导损伤合并症也有报道。由于这些并发症的出现Emmanuel Delorme博士[5]发明了TOT,此术式并不经过耻骨后间隙,因此避免了膀胱、血管和肠道损伤。经闭孔放置吊带也有两种穿刺路径:“由外入内”路径中旋转穿刺针从腹股沟区穿刺点进入阴道穿刺点;“由内至外”路径中旋转穿刺针从阴道穿刺点进入腹股沟区穿刺点。


手术适应症与禁忌症

尿道中段吊带术适应证包括SUI和隐匿性SUI且影响患者的生活质量。最初对尿道中段吊带术的研究仅包括那些尿道过度活动并无无脱垂、肥胖的女性。随着时间的推移,研究数据表明肥胖患者,尿道活动正常患者,混合尿失禁患者或复发性尿失禁的患者MUS也是有效的。手术的绝对禁忌症包括耻骨后手术史、盆腔异位肾、血管移植、疝气、妊娠和口服抗凝治疗后。在这些情况下,经闭孔吊吊带术可避免经过耻骨后间隙的优点,因此除了口服抗凝患者外,其他患者也可用于适用于此术式。MUS也可能不合适用由尿道重建手术史或同时进行某些手术的患者,如膀胱手术或尿道阴道瘘手术。此外,神经源性膀胱或尿潴留的患者不适用于MUS,因此类患者主要依赖于间歇性导尿,MUS无法给与其所需的压力。在有骨盆辐射史的患者中,也应避免使用合成吊带的MUS,除非进行了Martius移植,确保吊带周围有充足的血液供应和组织。有妊娠计划和人工网片并发症史是使用合成吊带MUS的相对禁忌症。

局部解剖与手术路径

与传统耻骨筋膜悬吊不同,MUS阴道切口小、组织损伤小且穿刺器盲穿。TVT吊带术是盲穿经过耻骨后间隙,TOT吊带术是盲穿经过闭孔。“自下而上”TVT吊带术中病人采取膀胱截石位,水平或者稍微成头低体位以以使肠管远离盆腔。术前应给予抗生素,插入Foley尿管引流膀胱,触摸膀胱颈部Foley球有助于确定切口位置。术者在耻骨联合上标记切口位置,切口应沿着耻骨上缘,两侧距中线两横指。注意保持切口在耻骨结节内避免损伤髂腹股沟神经。在阴道内放置一个窥视器,生理盐水分离阴道粘膜和粘膜下层。取尿道中段中线切开小切口,分离两侧阴道粘膜下组织在尿道两侧形成隧道。将引导杆插入Foley尿管,引导导尿管转向穿刺器进入的同侧方向以移动尿道和膀胱颈向对侧方向。Abbasy等人指出使用Foley导尿管引导,显示膀胱颈平均位移1.4cm[6]。其他研究没有显示Foley导尿管在预防尿道损伤方面有任何益处[7,8]。穿刺针穿过泌尿生殖膈膜,转变方向经过Retzius间隙,沿着耻骨联合后前进,然后穿过腹直肌和腹壁筋膜,最后从耻骨联合上的切口穿出。穿刺成功后,取出引导杆,进行膀胱镜检查以确认膀胱无损伤,之后于对侧完成相同的过程。几项研究表明TVT穿刺器与主要血管接近。Muir等人报道了穿刺针外侧边缘到腹壁和耻骨后间隙血管的平均距离。与腹壁浅动脉和腹壁下动脉距离为3.9cm,髂外动脉为4.9cm,闭孔动血管为3.2cm[9]。Abbas等人在一项类似的尸体研究中报告中指出,与闭孔血管的平均距离为4cm,与髂内动脉的平均距离为4 cm,与髂外动脉平均距离为6cm[10]。将连接在套管针上的吊带拉出至皮肤上,小心放置吊带避免其扭转缠结。然后调整吊带至合适的张力不至于尿道梗阻,一般而言,吊带应保持足够的松动,以允许手术夹或8号Hagar扩张器在网片和后尿道之间通过。确定了吊带的张力后在稳定尿道下方吊带的情况下去除吊带的塑料保护套,剪除多余吊带,用液体粘合剂或缝线关闭皮肤切口,阴道切口冲洗后用3-0延迟可吸收缝线缝合。出院前进行排尿试验,确保排尿顺畅。“自上而下”手术路径也采用同样的方法,只是穿刺器从耻骨上切口刺入,从阴道切口穿出,从耻骨后间隙拔出穿刺器。按照“自下而上”的手术途径调整吊带张力。

“由外入内”的TOT吊带术的主要不同在于旋转穿刺器经过闭孔间隙,不是通过耻骨后间隙。与TVT相似,在尿道中段做切口,两侧阴道粘膜下分离尿道旁组织。皮肤切口多位于大阴唇外侧皮肤褶皱内收长肌下方,大概在尿道口上2厘米与大阴唇外侧褶皱皮肤处2厘米交叉点。穿刺器穿过股薄肌、内短收肌、闭孔外肌、闭孔膜、闭孔内肌、尿道旁盆腔内筋膜,到达阴道隧道。TOT穿刺针距闭孔血管最内侧分支平均距离为1.1cm,闭孔管内侧下方平均距离2.3cm[11]。“由内至外”的手术方式是用一个有翼的引导器将穿刺针经阴道穿过闭孔腔,到达腹股沟。此手术方法术后有较高的腹股沟区疼痛风险[12,13]。TOT吊带的张力略高于TVT吊带。

MUSs手术效果

在对于SUI治疗中多种MUSs手术的不同成功率及并发症被报道。这种成功率的差异主要是由于研究中对手术成功的定义不同。在对TVT和TOT进的究中,包括随机对照试验,还有与治疗SUI的其他手术方案进行的比较。

MUSs与阴道悬吊术的比较

在一项前瞻性随机对照试验中,Ward和Hilton将TVT和经腹悬吊术对女性SUI手术的疗效进行对比。随访2年后研究发现,TVT和悬吊术一样有效[14]。Paraiso等人对比TVT和腹腔镜下Burch阴道悬吊术有效性,研究后发现在平均20.6个月的随访中,TVT的客观和主观治愈率更高[15]。Aıcıoglu等人在一项回顾性研究中对比了TOT和Burch悬吊术,发现两组的5年治愈率相似(客观治愈率分别为73.9%和77.5%,P=0.574)[16]。Bandarian等人在一项随机临床试验中发现,TOT组的完全治愈率、改善率和失败率分别为90.3%、9.7%和0%,Burch组分别为74.2%、19.4%和6.5%[17]。因此,与阴道悬吊术相比,在治疗SUI中TVT与TOT效果并无明显差异。

MUS与耻骨阴道悬吊术的比较

有研究比较了MUS和耻骨阴道悬吊术。大多数研究将TVT与耻骨阴道悬吊术相比,很少有研究将TOT与耻骨阴道悬吊术相比。Bai等人在一项随机对照试验研究中显示,筋膜悬吊术术后效果优于TVT和Burch,12个月随访治愈率为92.8%,而TVT为87%,Burch阴道悬吊术为87.8%[18]。Wadie等人的另一项随机对照试验指出,TVT和耻骨阴道悬吊术的手术效果相似,6个月后随访治愈率约为92%[19]。Azzawi等人的TOT与筋膜悬吊术随机对照研究显示,两种方法的疗效与安全性并无明显差异[20]

经耻骨后吊带术与经闭孔吊带术的比较

Laurikainen等人在一项随机对照试验显示,尽管TVT的治愈率略高于TOT(98.5%对95.4%),但并无明显统计学意义,且两组主观治愈率相似[21]。在另一项由Deffieux等人的随机对照试验中研究显示,在随访24个月后,两者手术效果并无明显差异[22]。在一项大型多中心随机对照尿道中段悬吊术的试验中,共有597例患者[23],研究显示TVT和TOT手术效果并无明显差异。Barber等的另一项随机对照试验中,对TVT和TOT进行了非劣效性试验,得出结论TOT治疗SUI并不低于TVT[24]。Angioli等人一项随机对照试验随访5年后得出结论TVT和TOT的客观治愈率相近(分别为71%和72.9%)[25]。Kenton等人对TVT和TOT术后患者5年的纵向随访中发现,TVT的成功率略高,但两种手术方式的结果无统计学差异。一项针对MUS的系统回顾研究显示,无论使用的何种吊带或手术穿刺途径如何,80%的SUI患者术后5年内均得到了较好的治愈或临床症状显著改善,此次研究包括81次随机对照试验共计12113名女性[26]


结 果

混合尿失禁(mixed urinary incontinence,MUI)是一个很棘手的问题,临床症状既有SUI又有急迫性尿失禁。约三分之一的SUI患者伴有逼尿肌过度活跃。MUI患者的治愈率低于单纯性SUI[27,28]。Holmgren等人在2-8年的随访中,显示手术成功率随时间推移而降低[29]。单纯性SUI患者8年后治愈率为82%,而MUI患者4-8年后治愈率下降到30%,约9%的患者在尿道中段吊带术后出现新的急迫性失禁症状[30]。总体而言,MUI患者不应是MUS手术的禁忌症,但应充分告知患者,术后尿失禁可能会有改善,也有可能加重。GRER等人的一项Meta分析研究TVT在肥胖人群中的疗效,治愈率在术后24个月无显著差异,但肥胖组急迫性尿失禁的发生率较高[31,32]。Liu等人在研究肥胖对于TOT吊带术后效果的影响,结果显示正常或肥胖患者的治愈率没有统计学差异[33]。然而Haverkorn等人研究显示肥胖人群的治愈率显著降低(81.2%与91.9%,P<0.001)[34]。年龄对MUS的术后效果影响是很难统计的,因为逼尿肌过度活跃和尿道内括约肌缺陷(intrinsic sphincter deficiency,ISD)等混杂变量在老年人中更为常见。Malek等人比较70岁以上或以下女性因SUI行MUS,手术效果无差异[35]。Stav等人比较MUS在80岁以上及以下女性中的疗效[36],老年组与对照组主观治愈率(81%,85%,P=0.32)无统计学差异,TVT与TOT治愈率也无明显差异(82%与79.3%,P=0.75)。ISD是指尿动力学检查过程中漏点压力小于60 cmH2O或最大尿道闭合压力小于20 cmH2O的发现。Jeon等人在研究中比较了ISD患者TVT和TOT手术治愈率,随访2年后,TVT治愈率86.9%,耻骨阴道悬吊治愈率87.3%,TOT治愈率34.9%[37]。在Gungorduk等人随访31个月后,显示TVT治愈率为78.3%,TOT治愈率为52.5%,但在ISD患者中TOT手术失败率约为TVT5倍[38]。Schierlitz等人在一项前瞻性随机试验中观察了有ISD并进行了TVT或TOT的患者,术后6个月时行尿动力学检查[39],TVT组有21%患者有SUI,而TOT组的SUI达45%(P=0.004)。然而,Rapp及其同事的一项回顾性研究发现,在ISD患者中,TVT和TOT的成功率分别为76%和77%[40]。Haliloglu等人研究ISD和尿道过度活动对TOT效果影响[41],术后24月随访显示,ISD和尿道过度活动的患者治愈率明显较低,这表明尿道过度活动和ISD可能是TOT失败的一个可能因素。但即使在ISD和尿道过度活动都存在的情况下,TOT也有可能取得很好的手术效果。Pradhan等人回顾性研究了MUS治疗复发性SUI的有效性,在30个月的随访后,MUS术后复发性SUI的总体主观治愈率为78.5%[42]。对于术后复发的SUI,TOT的治愈率似乎低于TVT。盆腔脏器脱垂术后预防SUI是一个具有挑战性的问题。40%的盆腔脏器脱垂的女性也有SUI的报告,80%的没有SUI的女性在脱垂复位后会出现SUI,另外22%的人会在术后再次发生SUI[43-45]。一项阴道脱垂术和MUS术后的效果(Outcomes following vaginal prolapse repair and MUS,OPUS)随机对照试验,332名SUI伴有盆腔脏器脱垂的患者随机分成两组,一组接受预防性TVT另一组并未接受TVT手术[46]。结果显示悬吊组和对照组3个月后新发SUI发生率分别为23.6%和49.4%,12个月后随访结果相似。在术前隐匿性尿垫试验为阳性的女性中,未做TVT手术组有71.9%在3个月后出现新发SUI,TVT手术组为29.6%,P值小于0.0001。基于这些数据,作者得出结论,在阴道脱垂手术中预防性加入MUS可在术后半年内降低尿失禁发生率。


MUSs的并发症

TVT并发症包括膀胱穿孔、内脏和血管损伤、网片侵蚀、排尿功能障碍、急迫性尿失禁、泌尿系统感染。TVT的膀胱穿孔风险(5.5%比0.3%)、术后排尿功能障碍和泌尿系统感染的风险均高于TOT[23]。TOT有较高的暂时性腹股沟疼痛发生率(12%)。Novara等人也证实了这些发现,后者还发现TVT血肿(OR 2.62,95%CI:1.75–3.57)和阴道穿孔(OR 2.62,95%CI:1.35–5.08)以及存储下尿路症状(OR 1.35,95%CI:1.05–1.72)[47]的发生率较高。两种手术方式的吊带侵蚀阴道的发生率均为2%[26,48]


结 论

与其他手术治疗方法相比,MUS术是一种安全有效的手术方式。MUS的安全性、有效性和患者满意度已被证实,尤其是是TVT吊带术[49]。TVT和TOT吊索的穿刺器的被认为是手术方式不同重要部分,这也可以解释两种手术方式不同手术效果的原因。不同的穿刺器的相同通道也解释了MUS相关并发症的差异。尽管需要进行更多的长期研究,但患者可以根据现有的研究数据进行选择。外科医生应具备者两种方法的专业知识,并能够使用现有数据适当地为患者提供咨询,并提供两种手术方式给予患者选择。在当前的信息时代,这一点尤为关键。MUS已经改变了抗尿失禁手术方式,且技术不断发展,提供更长久的有效性,并尽量减少手术风险。


Acknowledgments

Funding: None.


Footnote

Provenance and Peer Review: This article was commissioned by the Guest Editor (Gokhan Kilic) for the series “Minimally Invasive Treatment Modalities for Female Pelvic Floor Disorders” published in Gynecology and Pelvic Medicine. The article has undergone external peer review.

Conflicts of Interest: The author has completed the ICMJE uniform disclosure form (available at https://gpm.amegroups.org/article/view/10.21037/gpm-2020-pfd-09/coif). The series “Minimally Invasive Treatment Modalities for Female Pelvic Floor Disorders” was commissioned by the editorial office without any funding or sponsorship. The author has no other conflicts of interest to declare.

Ethical Statement: The author is accountable for all aspects of the work in ensuring that questions related to the accuracy or integrity of any part of the work are appropriately investigated and resolved.

Open Access Statement: This is an Open Access article distributed in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0), which permits the non-commercial replication and distribution of the article with the strict proviso that no changes or edits are made and the original work is properly cited (including links to both the formal publication through the relevant DOI and the license). See: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/.


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译者介绍

孟健。
毕业于四川大学华西临床医学院妇产科,目前主要从事女性泌尿及盆底功能障碍性疾病的诊治。(更新时间:2021-06-19)

(本译文仅供学术交流,实际内容请以英文原文为准。)

doi: 10.21037/gpm-2020-pfd-09
Cite this article as: Pancholy AB. The transvaginal tape surgery vs. trans-obturator tape for stress urinary incontinence. Gynecol Pelvic Med 2020;3:36.

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