外阴癌腹腔镜下腹股沟淋巴结清扫术
简介
外阴癌在所有妇科肿瘤中约占5%,年轻女性和老年女性均可发生。它也可能与人乳头瘤病毒的流行增加有关[1,2]。其治疗取决于分期,但无论是手术切除还是根治性手术都已被证明是最有效的方法[2]。在5年的时间里,我们收治了10例已确认是外阴癌并接受了手术的患者,其中5人接受了改良的根治性外阴切除术以及腹股沟淋巴结的手术评估。腹腔镜下腹股沟淋巴结清扫术与传统手术对比,结果上没有区别,且并发症发生率降低。
手术技巧
一名患有外阴瘙痒症持续3个月的51岁妇女,在会阴检测中发现一个米粒大小的肿瘤。分别使用赤霉素和阿昔洛韦进行治疗,但肿瘤仍然生长到2 cm×1.5 cm大小。外阴活检提示鳞状细胞癌。然后患者接受了广泛的局部外阴切除术和腹腔镜下双侧腹股沟淋巴结清扫术(视频1)。
术前准备
在全身麻醉下,患者取仰卧位,下肢分开约20–30度的位置。
解剖标记
手术前,勾勒外阴切除范围(至少病灶外1 cm)。股骨三角形边界和股血管定位进行如下:(一)长内收肌和缝匠肌的交点是股骨三角形的顶点。将患者的下肢放在4个字符的标记中,使外边缘和内边缘可以看到缝匠肌和长内收肌(特别是在较瘦的患者中);缝匠肌的外边缘和内边缘皮下脂肪略厚,可以通过触诊确定长内收肌。在明显肥胖的患者中,超声波可以用来定位长内收肌和缝匠肌。(二)前上定位了脊柱和耻骨结节,并与之相连它们之间是腹股沟韧带。(三)股骨管在腹股沟韧带内侧点内侧确定,内侧部分为股静脉,外侧部分为股动脉。触诊和超声可用于帮助确定方向血管(图1A)。
方法
我们在下腹放置了四根套管针:一根10 mm套管针放在肚脐上,放置一只5 mm套管针在肚脐和耻骨联合之间,还有两个将5 mm套管针插入皮下空间前上棘内侧10 mm(图1B)。
腹股沟浅表淋巴结清扫术:
套管针和腹腔镜用于开发通道并在身上标记的引导下进行游隙(图2A)。从腹外斜肌腱膜开始,超声刀沿长内收肌和缝匠肌的投影线分离10mm厚的皮瓣。前部工作空间发达(图2B),腹股沟韧带暴露,而浅表淋巴组织从周围分离到椭圆形窝。切断外动静脉、旋髂浅表动静脉、腹壁浅表动静脉和淋巴管。大隐静脉保留。最后,淋巴结和带有淋巴结的组织被完全去除,朝着股股交界处变窄(图2C)。将切除的组织放入塑料袋中。
腹股沟深部淋巴结切除:
腹股沟深部淋巴结位于3至5个在筋膜的股骨三角形内和周围股动脉的起源。筋膜切开切口平行于远端股血管的轴向下直到顶点股骨三角形,然后将深部淋巴组织从股血管前表面向上解剖到内收肌和部分深淋巴组织位于股静脉内侧,腹股沟下方韧带被安全切断。术中股深静脉和股动脉的分支应保留,以达到良好的止血效果(图3)。
外阴切除:
通常,切除外阴包括切除外阴大阴唇,小阴唇,阴蒂和部分会阴。该过程涉及切除外阴皮肤,皮下脂肪,浅筋膜和阔筋膜沿圆周1到2 cm的边缘(图4A)。这手术期间应保护尿道。皮下组织被钝性分离至腹股沟区,并淋巴结组织被完全清除(图4B)。从阴蒂的背面开始,我们缝合了皮下脂肪组织打断到顶部内部切口带来内部和外部皮肤切口并拢。内外切口在不连续的皮下缝合线的两侧应该垂直向下进行到前沿会阴的。对齐方式应整洁而不是留下任何皮下的死角。测试尺寸缝合后的阴道开口可以用手指,应允许2–3根手指穿过;这可以帮助患者避免术后的性交困难。然后将阴道壁纵向缝合到同侧会阴切口皮肤,其余会阴两侧的皮肤都断断续续地缝合(图4C)。
讨论
外阴癌是一种罕见的侵略性妇科恶性肿瘤,常伴有腹股沟淋巴结转移节点[3]。外阴癌通过手术分期,根据2009年国际妇产科联盟(FIGO)和美国癌症联合委员会(AGCC)TNM 分期[2],分期取决于肿瘤的大小(T),扩散至淋巴结(N),并扩散到远处(M)[3]。Way [1948]描述了根治性外阴切除术和双侧通过蝶形切口进行腹股沟淋巴结清扫术[4],但是这个过程与高发病率有关,例如伤口愈合不良,淋巴出血或淋巴结肿大,性困难。因此,近几十年来,为治疗癌症,人们研究了各种各样的外阴改良手术。赫尔姆表示,与传统根治性外阴切除术相比,三切口技术可以更好地减少手术时间,降低失血量并减少并发症[5]。腹腔镜下腹股沟淋巴结清扫术(ILND)在2005年由Tobias-Machado医生等成功实践并得以报道[6],这后来经证实是治疗外阴癌安全且有效的方法[7]。可以肯定的是,腹腔镜技术对于大多数患者来说是一个更好的选择,因为它缩短了住院时间,并减少了术后伤口并发症的风险[7]。两者都是微创的入路,可以安全地进行腹股沟淋巴结转移外阴癌的解剖[经大腿皮下入路的腹腔镜腹股沟淋巴结清扫(VEIL-L);经下腹部皮下入路的腹腔镜腹股沟淋巴结清扫 (VEIL-H)]。VEIL-H使用4根套管针,比VEIL-L的侵入性小,并且必要时方便进行盆腔淋巴结清扫。值得一提的是,与VEIL-L不同,VEIL-H包括从可视化端口到顶点使用大的皮瓣股骨三角形。我们使用腹腔镜来展开通道并在标记的引导下进行清扫,通过外阴切口,淋巴组织得以安全方便地清除。
尽管在这个病例中并未出现并发症,但仍有必要进行更长时间的随访以确保良好结果。另一方面,进行一系列的经下腹部皮下入路的腹腔镜腹股沟淋巴结清扫手术则能更有力地说明该手术的优势。
Acknowledgments
The video was awarded the third prize in the First International Elite Gynecologic Surgery Competition (2019 Masters of Gynecologic Surgery).
Funding: None.
Footnote
Provenance and Peer Review: This article was commissioned by the editorial office, Gynecology and Pelvic Medicine for the series “Award-Winning Videos from the First International Elite Gynecologic Surgery Competition (2019 Masters of Gynecologic Surgery)”. The article has undergone external peer review.
Conflicts of Interest: All authors have completed the ICMJE uniform disclosure form (available at https://gpm.amegroups.org/article/view/10.21037/gpm.2019.12.10/coif). The series “Award-Winning Videos from the First International Elite Gynecologic Surgery Competition (2019 Masters of Gynecologic Surgery)” was commissioned by the editorial office without any funding or sponsorship. The authors have no other conflicts of interest to declare.
Ethical Statement: The authors are accountable for all aspects of the work in ensuring that questions related to the accuracy or integrity of any part of the work are appropriately investigated and resolved. All procedures performed in studies involving human participants were in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional and/or national research committee(s) and with the Helsinki Declaration (as revised in 2013). Written informed consent was obtained from the patient for publication of this manuscript and any accompanying images.
Open Access Statement: This is an Open Access article distributed in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0), which permits the non-commercial replication and distribution of the article with the strict proviso that no changes or edits are made and the original work is properly cited (including links to both the formal publication through the relevant DOI and the license). See: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/.
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(本译文仅供学术交流,实际内容请以英文原文为准。)
Cite this article as: Yang Y, Zheng J, Huang L, Liao X, He L, Lin Y. Video-endoscopic radical inguinal lymph node dissection for a patient with vulvar cancer. Gynecol Pelvic Med 2020;3:4.